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<title>Camber thrust</title>
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">
<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Camber thrust</span></span>
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<p><b>Camber thrust</b> and <b>camber force</b> are terms used to describe the force generated perpendicular to the direction of travel of a rolling <a href="Tire" title="Tire">tire</a> due to its <a href="Camber_angle" title="Camber angle">camber angle</a> and finite <a href="Contact_patch" title="Contact patch">contact patch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Foale_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foale-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cossalter_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cossalter-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wong_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wong-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Camber thrust is generated when a point on the outer surface of a leaned and rotating tire, that would normally follow a path that is elliptical when projected onto the ground, is forced to follow a straight path while coming in contact with the ground, due to <a href="Friction" title="Friction">friction</a>. This deviation towards the direction of the lean causes a deformation in the tire tread and carcass that is transmitted to the vehicle as a force in the direction of the lean.<sup id="cite_ref-Cossalter_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cossalter-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Camber thrust is approximately linearly proportional to camber angle for small angles,<sup id="cite_ref-Cossalter_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cossalter-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pacejka_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pacejka-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reaches its steady-state value nearly instantaneously after a change in camber angle, and so does not have an associated <a href="Relaxation_length" title="Relaxation length">relaxation length</a>. Bias-ply tires have been found to generate more camber thrust than <a href="Radial_tires" class="mw-redirect" title="Radial tires">radial tires</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wong_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wong-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Camber stiffness</b> is a parameter used to describe the camber thrust generated by a tire, and it is influenced by inflation pressure and normal load.<sup id="cite_ref-Wong_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wong-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The net camber thrust is usually in front of the center of the wheel and so generates a <b>camber torque</b>, <b>twisting torque</b>, or <b>twisting moment</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wong_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wong-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The orientation of this torque is such that it tends to steer a tire towards the direction that it is leaned. An alternate explanation for this torque is that the two sides of the contact patch are at different radii from the axle, and so would travel forward at different rates unless constrained by friction with the pavement.<sup id="cite_ref-Cossalter_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cossalter-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="On_bikes">On bikes</h2></div>
<p>On <a href="Bicycle" title="Bicycle">bicycles</a> and <a href="Motorcycle" title="Motorcycle">motorcycles</a>, camber thrust contributes to the <a href="Centripetal_force" title="Centripetal force">centripetal force</a> necessary to cause the vehicle to deviate from a straight path, along with <a href="Cornering_force" title="Cornering force">cornering force</a> due to the <a href="Slip_angle" title="Slip angle">slip angle</a>, can be the largest contributor,<sup id="cite_ref-Foale_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foale-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in some cases is the sole contributor.<sup id="cite_ref-Cossalter_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cossalter-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Camber thrust contributes to the ability of bikes to negotiate a turn with the same radius as automobiles but with a smaller steering angle.<sup id="cite_ref-Foale_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foale-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a bike is steered and leaned in the same direction, the camber angle of the front tire is greater than that of the rear and so can generate more camber thrust, all else being equal.<sup id="cite_ref-Cossalter_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cossalter-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="On_automobiles">On automobiles</h2></div>
<p>On <a href="Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobiles</a>, camber thrust may contribute to or subtract from the total centripetal force generated by the tire, depending on the camber angle. On a well-aligned vehicle, camber thrust from the tires on each side balances out.<sup id="cite_ref-Puhn_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puhn-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On a surface rough enough for one front tire to momentarily lose traction, camber thrust from the other front tire can cause the vehicle to wander or feel skittish.<sup id="cite_ref-Puhn_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puhn-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Bicycle_and_motorcycle_dynamics" title="Bicycle and motorcycle dynamics">Bicycle and motorcycle dynamics</a></li>
<li><a href="Cornering_force" title="Cornering force">Cornering force</a></li>
<li><a href="Motorcycle_tires" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorcycle tires">Motorcycle tires</a></li>
<li><a href="Relaxation_length" title="Relaxation length">Relaxation length</a></li>
<li><a href="Vehicle_dynamics" title="Vehicle dynamics">Vehicle dynamics</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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<li id="cite_note-Foale-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foale_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foale_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foale_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">
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</style><cite id="CITEREFFoale2006" class="citation book cs1">Foale, Tony (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=84hF-qoR5I8C&q=Motorcycle+Handling+and+Chassis+Design"><i>Motorcycle Handling and Chassis Design</i></a> (Second ed.). Tony Foale Designs. pp. 2–23 to 2-26. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-84-933286-3-4</bdi>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Cossalter-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cossalter_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cossalter_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cossalter_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cossalter_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cossalter_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cossalter_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCossalter2006" class="citation book cs1">Cossalter, Vittore (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rJTQxITnkbgC&q=motorcycle+dynamics"><i>Motorcycle Dynamics</i></a> (Second ed.). Lulu.com. pp. <span class="nowrap">47–</span>48. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4303-0861-4</bdi>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Wong-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wong_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wong_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wong_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wong_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWong2008" class="citation book cs1">Wong, Jo Yung (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LH8wd8im13AC&q=Theory+of+ground+vehicles+By+Jo+Yung+Wong"><i>Theory of ground vehicles</i></a> (Second ed.). Wiley. pp. <span class="nowrap">40–</span>43. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-470-17038-0</bdi>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Pacejka-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pacejka_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPacejka2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Hans_B._Pacejka" title="Hans B. Pacejka">Pacejka, Hans B.</a> (2006). <i>Tyre and vehicle dynamics</i> (2nd ed.). SAE International. p. 162. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7680-1702-1</bdi>. <q>For small angles, the camber thrust is approximated by the product of the camber stiffness and the camber angle.</q></cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Puhn-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Puhn_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Puhn_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPuhn1981" class="citation book cs1">Puhn, Fred (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cr4IyD5l1NQC&q=How+to+Make+Your+Car+Handle+By+Fred+Puhn"><i>How to Make Your Car Handle</i></a>. Penguin Putnam. p. 87. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-912656-46-8</bdi>.</cite></span>
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</style><div id="Tires548" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Tire" title="Tire">Tires</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Outline_of_tires#Types" title="Outline of tires">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Tubeless_tire" title="Tubeless tire">Tubeless tire</a></li>
<li><a href="Radial_tire" title="Radial tire">Radial tire</a></li>
<li><a href="Low_rolling_resistance_tire" title="Low rolling resistance tire">Low rolling resistance tire</a></li>
<li><a href="Run-flat_tire" title="Run-flat tire">Run-flat tire</a></li>
<li><a href="Michelin_PAX_System" title="Michelin PAX System">Michelin PAX System</a></li>
<li><a href="Airless_tire" title="Airless tire">Airless tire</a></li>
<li><a href="Tweel" title="Tweel">Tweel</a></li>
<li><a href="Rain_tyre" title="Rain tyre">Rain tyre</a></li>
<li><a href="Snow_tire" title="Snow tire">Snow tire</a></li>
<li><a href="All-terrain_tire" class="mw-redirect" title="All-terrain tire">All-terrain tire</a></li>
<li><a href="Bar_grip" title="Bar grip">Bar grip</a></li>
<li><a href="Off-road_tire" title="Off-road tire">Knobby tire</a></li>
<li><a href="Off-roading#Large_tires" title="Off-roading">Large tire</a></li>
<li><a href="Mud-terrain_tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mud-terrain tyre">Mud-terrain tire</a></li>
<li><a href="Paddle_tire" title="Paddle tire">Paddle tire</a></li>
<li><a href="Orange_oil_tires" title="Orange oil tires">Orange oil tires</a></li>
<li><a href="Whitewall_tire" title="Whitewall tire">Whitewall tire</a></li>
<li><a href="Tire#Aircraft" title="Tire">Aircraft tire</a></li>
<li><a href="Tundra_tire" title="Tundra tire">Tundra tire</a></li>
<li><a href="Bicycle_tire" title="Bicycle tire">Bicycle tire</a></li>
<li><a href="Tubular_tire" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubular tire">Tubular tire</a></li>
<li><a href="Lego_tire" class="mw-redirect" title="Lego tire">Lego tire</a></li>
<li><a href="Motorcycle_tyre" title="Motorcycle tyre">Motorcycle tyre</a></li>
<li><a href="Tire_code#Tractor_tires" title="Tire code">Tractor tire</a></li>
<li><a href="Racing_slick" title="Racing slick">Racing slick</a></li>
<li><a href="Formula_One_tyres" title="Formula One tyres">Formula One tyres</a></li>
<li><a href="Spare_tire" title="Spare tire">Spare tire</a></li>
<li><a href="Continental_tire" title="Continental tire">Continental tire</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Outline_of_tires#Components" title="Outline of tires">Components</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Tire_bead" title="Tire bead">Bead</a></li>
<li><a href="Beadlock" title="Beadlock">Beadlock</a></li>
<li><a href="Tire_tread" title="Tire tread">Tread</a></li>
<li><a href="Siping_(rubber)" title="Siping (rubber)">Siping (rubber)</a></li>
<li><a href="Valve_stem" title="Valve stem">Valve stem</a>
<ul><li><a href="Dunlop_valve" title="Dunlop valve">Dunlop valve</a></li>
<li><a href="Presta_valve" title="Presta valve">Presta valve</a></li>
<li><a href="Schrader_valve" title="Schrader valve">Schrader valve</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Outline_of_tires#Attributes" title="Outline of tires">Attributes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="Circle_of_forces" title="Circle of forces">Circle of forces</a></li>
<li><a href="Cold_inflation_pressure" title="Cold inflation pressure">Cold inflation pressure</a></li>
<li><a href="Contact_patch" title="Contact patch">Contact patch</a></li>
<li><a href="Cornering_force" title="Cornering force">Cornering force</a></li>
<li><a href="Ground_pressure" title="Ground pressure">Ground pressure</a></li>
<li><a href="Pacejka" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacejka">Pacejka's Magic Formula</a></li>
<li><a href="Pneumatic_trail" title="Pneumatic trail">Pneumatic trail</a></li>
<li><a href="Relaxation_length" title="Relaxation length">Relaxation length</a></li>
<li><a href="Rolling_resistance" title="Rolling resistance">Rolling resistance</a></li>
<li><a href="Self_aligning_torque" title="Self aligning torque">Self aligning torque</a></li>
<li><a href="Slip_angle" title="Slip angle">Slip angle</a></li>
<li><a href="Steering_ratio#Alternate_definition" title="Steering ratio">Steering ratio</a></li>
<li><a href="Tire_balance" title="Tire balance">Tire balance</a></li>
<li><a href="Tire_load_sensitivity" title="Tire load sensitivity">Tire load sensitivity</a></li>
<li><a href="Tire_uniformity" title="Tire uniformity">Tire uniformity</a></li>
<li><a href="Lateral_Force_Variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral Force Variation">Lateral Force Variation</a></li>
<li><a href="Radial_Force_Variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Radial Force Variation">Radial Force Variation</a></li>
<li><a href="Traction_(engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traction (engineering)">Traction (engineering)</a></li>
<li><a href="Treadwear_rating" class="mw-redirect" title="Treadwear rating">Treadwear rating</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Outline_of_tires#Behaviors" title="Outline of tires">Behaviors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Aquaplaning" title="Aquaplaning">Aquaplaning</a></li>
<li><a href="Groove_wander" title="Groove wander">Groove wander</a></li>
<li><a href="Slip_(vehicle_dynamics)" title="Slip (vehicle dynamics)">Slip (vehicle dynamics)</a></li>
<li><a href="Tramlining" title="Tramlining">Tramlining</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Outline_of_tires#Maintenance" title="Outline of tires">Maintenance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Tire_maintenance" title="Tire maintenance">Tire maintenance</a></li>
<li><a href="Tire_rotation" title="Tire rotation">Tire rotation</a></li>
<li><a href="Bicycle_pump" title="Bicycle pump">Bicycle pump</a></li>
<li><a href="Central_Tire_Inflation_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Tire Inflation System">Central Tire Inflation System</a></li>
<li><a href="Tire_mousse" title="Tire mousse">Tire mousse</a></li>
<li><a href="Tire-pressure_monitoring_system" title="Tire-pressure monitoring system">Tire-pressure monitoring system</a></li>
<li><a href="Tire-pressure_gauge" title="Tire-pressure gauge">Tire-pressure gauge</a></li>
<li><a href="Direct_TPMS" title="Direct TPMS">Direct TPMS</a></li>
<li><a href="Bead_breaker" title="Bead breaker">Bead breaker</a></li>
<li><a href="Tire_changer" title="Tire changer">Tire changer</a></li>
<li><a href="Tire_manipulator" title="Tire manipulator">Tire manipulator</a></li>
<li><a href="Tire_iron" title="Tire iron">Tire iron</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Outline_of_tires#Life_cycle" title="Outline of tires">Life cycle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Tire_manufacturing" title="Tire manufacturing">Tire manufacturing</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_tire_companies" title="List of tire companies">List of tire companies</a></li>
<li><a href="Retread" title="Retread">Retread</a></li>
<li><a href="Waste_tires" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste tires">Waste tires</a></li>
<li><a href="Tire_recycling" title="Tire recycling">Tire recycling</a></li>
<li><a href="Tire_fire" title="Tire fire">Tire fire</a></li>
<li><a href="Blowout_(tire)" title="Blowout (tire)">Blowout</a></li>
<li><a href="Flat_tire" title="Flat tire">Flat tire</a></li>
<li><a href="Ozone_cracking" title="Ozone cracking">Ozone cracking</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Outline_of_tires#Organizations" title="Outline of tires">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="European_Tyre_and_Rim_Technical_Organisation" title="European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation">European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation</a></li>
<li><a href="Tire_Society" title="Tire Society">Tire Society</a></li>
<li><a href="Tire_Science_and_Technology" title="Tire Science and Technology">Tire Science and Technology</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Outline_of_tires#Identification" title="Outline of tires">Identification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Tire_code" title="Tire code">Tire code</a></li>
<li><a href="Plus_sizing" title="Plus sizing">Plus sizing</a></li>
<li><a href="Tire_label" class="mw-redirect" title="Tire label">Tire label</a></li>
<li><a href="UTQG" class="mw-redirect" title="UTQG">Uniform Tire Quality Grading (UTQG)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Outline_of_tires" title="Outline of tires">Outline of tires</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>
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